Browse Items (1845 total)

1867-present
Founded in 1867, Armour quickly became one of the largest companies in the United States.Chicago and Union Stockyard quickly became the center of the American meatpacking industry; by 1880 Armour was Chicago’s leading industrial…

1890-1922?
Frank Yergin sold his Paris, Illinois drugstore in 1890 with the intention of moving to Chicago to focus on manufacturing his own products. An advertisement for his Russian Oil is shown below; tin 1916, his wife is listed as the…

1897-1922?
John J. Schmitt became a pharmacist at the turn of the 20th-century, opening his own drugstore at the corner of Clark and Arlington Place as early as 1897. He remained in the same location (pictured below in an undated photograph) at…

1871-1923
In 1871, A. G. Burley & Co. (established 1838) became Burley & Tyrrell, importers of glassware and china; the retail business was sold to a nephew in 1883, calling itself Burley & Co. (advertised below in 1902). The companies existed side…

"We're about the only nation to pledge allegiance to a flag, and we do it without even understanding why we do so. Perhaps it's time to consider retiring this anachronistic practice, or at least finding a meaningful replacement." Paul M. Howey does a…

"Indeed, the pledge's great unresolved question is the primary question now facing us. The pledge closes with a promise of "liberty and justice for all." Yet these two ideals are uneasy partners. Can one person take actions that harm society at large…

"A flag was then raised followed by a military salute by the pupils. While their little hands were raised to their foreheads they began to repeat this pledge: I pledge allegiance to my flag and the republic for which it stands; one nation,…

"Every school in Chicago, yes, every school in the United States, should require of its pupils on every Flag Day, and on every holiday, when the flag is raised, to stand at attention and give the pledge."

Harry B. Garrett writes a short opinion…

"Ever since its been announced that there would be a national school celebration in observance of Columbus day the Chicago school children have been in a state of delight."

The Chicago Tribune details the itinerary for most public schools during…

"A nationwide celebration of the golden anniversary of the flag pledge is being promoted this week by the Daughters of the American Revolution." The Daughters of the American Revolution is a lineage-based membership service organization for women who…

Chicago Daily Tribune article from November 7, 1892, page 8, with the headline "CHICAGO AND THE WORLD'S FAIR: Every Promise Made by This City Has Been Splendidly Redeemed"

"The Senate Judiciary Committee today approved the best-known version of the pledge of allegiance to the United States flag as the official pledge." From the New York Times, November 27, 1945.

"The House passed and sent to the Senate today a measure to make 'official' the pledge of allegiance to the flag which schoolchildren throughout the nation know by heart." From a New York Time article June 5, 1945.

Harold Roberts, a fellow Youth Companion staff member, passed away on August 28, 1952. Significantly, he testified to Bellamy's authorship of the Pledge. From a New York Times article August 29, 1953.

In 1954, the House Judiciary Committee took up the issue of changing the wording of the pledge to introduce the phrase "one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." From a New York Times article May 26, 1954.

The governor of New York vetoed a measure requiring school children to salute the flag every day at school. He feared that required recital "presented the danger that the pledge of allegiance and the salute would become 'habitual' and 'lose the…

"A Library of Congress report said today that evidence about the disputed authorship of the pledge of allegiance to the flag is overwhelminly in favor of the late Francis Bellamy." From a New York Times article dated September 13, 1957.

Rep. James Fulston of Pennsylvania introduced a resolution to a "civil rights clause" to the Pledge of Allegiance, which would read as follows: "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the republic for which it stands,…

A New York Times article from March 9, 1937, describes students engaged in a Nazi-style salute of the flag. "Row Raised Over New Pledge to Flag With Extended Arm—Principals Assail Idea "A new type of flag salute, recommended by the State…

Congress absorbs the costs of printing 24,500 copies of the song "Pledge of Allegiance," 22,000 copies of which are set aside for use by the House of Representatives.

He declares that the week between September 17, 1989, and September 23, 1989, will constitute Citizenship Day and Constitution Week.

George Bush Sr. declares May 1, 1991, as Loyalty Day, calling upon "all Americans to observe that day with appropriate ceremonies in their homes, in schools, and in other suitable places." The proclamation quotes from the Pledge of Allegiance.

The song "Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag" by Irving Caesar will be printed, according to this Congressional record.

Jane Addams, taken c. 1895

1852-present
E. H. Sargent was established in 1852; a bottle embossed with the company’s name was found at the Charnley-Persky House in 2010. In 1875, Sargent began marketing through a catalog, the first recorded mail order solicitation for…