Autopsy of the Pledge of Allegiance
Bibliography
Newspaper Articles
"Abusing the Pledge of Allegiance." New York Times, 26 Aug.1988. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Allegiance Pledge Hit: Freethinkers' Suit Urges State to Drop Words 'Under God'." New York Times, 16 Sept. 1956. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
Banas, Casey. "Poll: Pledge is Fine, if it's Voluntary." Chicago Tribune (1963-Current File), 13 Jan. 1989, pp.D7. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
Bryant, Edward A. "Letters to The Times: Pledge-of-Allegiance History." New York Times, 17 Oct. 1942. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Celebrated Columbian Day." The New York Times, 27 July 1892. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Children Challenge Flag-Saluting Law." New York Times, 6 Mar. 1938. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Chicago and the World's Fair: Every Promise Made by This City Has Been Splendid." Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922), 7 Nov. 1892, pp. 8. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Chicago in the World's Fair's Year." Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922), 21 Oct.1890, pp. 12. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Columbian Exposition and how it grew: Our 1893 fair-it put Chicago on map." Chicago Daily Tribune (1963-Current File), 16 Nov. 1978, pp. W1. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Court Excuses Boy From Flag Pledge." New York Times, 1 May 1965. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Court Upholds OK for Pupils to Say Pledge." Chicago Tribune (1963-Current File), 24 Nov.1992, pp. L_A2. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"D.A.R. Will Observe Golden Anniversary of Pledge to the Flag." Chicago Daily Tribune (1923-1963), 12 Oct. 1942, pp. 12. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"D.A.R. Change Flag Pledge." New York Times, 27 Jan. 1943. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
Davies, Lawrence E. "Loyalty Oath Fight Goes On Despite High Court Ruling." New York Times, 15 Apr. 1951. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
Dillon, Sam. "Dispute Over School 'Reflection'." New York Times, 3 Feb. 1993. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Exercises In School: Young America Does Honor To The Memory of Columbus." Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922), 20 Oct. 1892, pp. 9. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
Farber, M. A. "2 Seventh-Graders Suspended in Queens After Refusing to Stand or Leave Room During Pledge to Flag." New York Times, 8 Oct. 1969. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Flag Allegiance Pledge Backed by Senate Body." New York Times, 27 Nov. 1945. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Flag Day." New York Times, 14 June 1945. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Flag Etiquette Awards Will Be Given Thursday." Chicago Daily Tribune (1923-1963), 20 Feb. 1949, pp. NW2. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"For A Big Liberty Bell: To Be a Feature of the Columbian Exposition." New York Times, 24 Mar. 1893. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
Garrett, Harry B. "The Pledge To The Flag." Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922), 10 Dec. 1916, pp. D6. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Given to the City: Drake Fountain is Formally Accepted by the Mayor." Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922), 27 Dec. 1892, pp. 9. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Harold Roberts Obituary." New York Times, 28 Aug. 1953. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
Hayes, Chas. R. "New Pledge of Allegiance." Chicago Daily Tribune (1923-1963), 6 May 1946, pp.14. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"House Votes Flag-Pledge Bill." New York Times, 5 June 1945. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"House will Recite Pledge-For Now." Chicago Tribune (1963-Current File), 10 Sept. 1988, pp. 7. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
Howey, Paul M. "Is it Time to Retire the Pledge of Allegiance?" Chicago Tribune , 6 July 2008, pp. 1-5. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"In 1893 Rather Than 1892." Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922), 10 Mar. 1890, pp. 4. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"In the Public Schools: "Columbus Day" Commemorated in Song and Recitation." New York Times, 10 Oct. 1892. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"It Is Columbus Day: Chicago Public School Pupils Will Celebrate." Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922), 19 Oct. 1892, pp. 2. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Its Day of All Days: Proudest Period of Chicago's Existence will be Oct. 21." Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922), 7 Aug. 1892, pp. 25. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"James B. Upham Honored: Writer of the Pledge of Allegiance is Praised at Grave." New York Times, 12 Oct. 1942. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
Johnson, Steve. "31-Word Salute: The Pledge and How It Got Our Allegiance." Chicago Daily Tribune (1963-Current File), 24 Oct. 1988, pp. C1. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Plan Salute Ruling Fight: Minersville School Board Aims to Appeal Maris's Decision." New York Times, 3 Dec. 1937. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Pledge Author Named: Library of Congress Decides Bellamy Wrote of Flag." New York Times, 13 Sept.1957. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Pledge to Flag Changed: Bill to Add Words 'Under God' Goes to Eisenhower." New York Times, 9 June 1954. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Pledging Patriotism." New York Times, 25 Sept.1968. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Pledge Revision Asked: Words 'Under God' Proposed in Allegiance Vow to Flag." The New York Times, 21 April 1953. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"'Pledge' Song Is Sung On Flag Day in House." New York Times, 15 June 1955. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Printing of Pledge Is Backed." New York Times, 15 July 1954. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Promoting Patriotism and Tolerance." Chicago Tribune (1963-Current File), 30 Nov. 1992, pp. N14. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Resolutions Adopted: Thanks for Courtesies Received and Pledges Reiterated." New York Times, 11 July 1892. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Revised 'Pledge' Gains." New York Times, 26 May 1954. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Rights Clause Proposed In Pledge of Allegiance." New York Times, 30 Aug. 1963. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"'Under God' Phrase In Pledge Is Upheld." New York Times, 3 Dec. 1960. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Schools Adopt New Patriotic Practice Rules." Chicago Daily Tribune (1923-1963), 7 Nov. 1950, pp. A7. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"School Flag Salute Vetoed by Governor." New York Times, 30 Apr. 1955. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Schools Here Try 'Nazi-Type' Salute." New York Times, 9 Mar. 1937. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Schools Will Conduct Flag Day Ceremony." Chicago Daily Tribune (1923-1963), 9 June 1940, pp. SW2. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
Seed, Suzanne. "A bully-proof Pledge of Allegiance." Chicago Tribune (1963-Current File), 8 Nov. 1988, pp. 17. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Skelton Has Hit In Pledge of Allegiance." Chicago Tribune (1963-Current File), 1 Mar. 1969, pp. W_A21. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
Swett, Sebastian. "The Pledge at 120 and Beyond." Chicago Tribune , 7 Sept. 2012, pp. 1-5. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Teachers Declared to Be Under Pressure In Move to 'Get Religion Into Education.’" New York Times, 20 Sept.1954. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"The Celebration Begun At Chicago Under Auspicious Conditions." New York Times, 19 Oct.1892. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"The Fair Up to Date: With Facts Concerning the Great City of Chicago." Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922), 21 Feb. 1892, pp. 3. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"The Great World's Fair: Public Interest In It Steadily Increasing." New York Times, 17 Aug. 1889. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"The Pledge of Allegiance." Chicago Tribune (1963-Current File), 27 Dec. 1971, pp. 16. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"The Loyalty Oath." New York Times, 20 Jan. 1951. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
Weinberg, Marilyn G. "A Stand on the Pledge of Allegiance." New York Times, 29 Jan. 1978. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"What the Chicago Fair Did for the Country." Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922), 12 Nov. 1893, pp. 29. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
Williams, Lillian C. "Letters to The Times: Pledge of Allegiance." New York Times, 8 July 1954. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
"Youth Who Balked At Pledge Is Aided By Liberties Union." New York Times, 25 Oct. 1969. Accessed 24 Aug. 2017.
Court Cases
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union, 492 U.S. 573 (1989).
Engel v. Vitale, 320 U.S. 421 (1962).
Frain v. Baron, 307 F.Supp. 27(E.D.N.Y 1969).
Frazier v. Alexandre, et al., Defendants, 434 F. Supp 1350 (2006).
Holden v. Board of Education of the City of Elizabeth, 46 N.J. 281 (1966).
Lee v. Weisman, 506 U.S. 577 (1992).
Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668 (1984).
Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U.S. 783 (1983).
Matter of Lewis v. Allen, 5 Misc. 2d 68 (1957).
Michael Holloman v. Walker County, 370 F.3d 1252 (11th Circ. 2004).
Minersville School District v. Gobitis, 310 U.S. 586 (1940).
Newdow v. Congress 383 F. Supp. 2d 1229 (E.D. Cal. 2005).
Palmer v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago, 466 F. Supp. 600 (N.D. Ill. 1979).
School District of Abington Township v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963)
Sherman v. Community Consolidated School District 21 of Wheeling Township, 980 F.2d 437(1992).
Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 39 (1980).
The Circle School v. Pappert, 381 F. 3d 172 (3d Cir. 2004).
Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985).
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943).
Government Documents
Title 4. Flag and Seal, Seat of Government, and the States. U.S. code. 2016. 4 USCS § 4. Accessed 22 August 2017; available from LexisNexis Academic.
Proclamation No. 6012, 54 FR 34123, National Pledge of Allegiance Day (August 18, 1989)
[Amendment] U.S. Const. amend. 1. Sec. 1380. Religious and Political Freedom.
105 ILCS 5/27-3 Article 27 Patriotism and Principles of Representaive Government-Proper Use of Flag-Method of Voting-Pledge of Allegiance (2016)
33 Whittier L. Rev. 209 (2011) Frazier v. Winn
39 J.L. & Educ. 75 Recent Case and Commentary: Recent Decisions: Supreme Court Decisions (2010)
63 Or. St. B. Bull. 15 Wedge of Allegiance: Is the Newdow Case a Portent of Religious Intolerance? (2003)
40 J.L. & Educ. 711 Newdow and the Ninth Circuit: What Happened Between 2002 and 2010 to Change the Court’s Opinion of the Constitutionality of the Pledge to the Flag? (2011)
40 J. Legis. 96 Overcoming Obstacles to Religious Exercise in K-12 Education (2013-2014)
42 Harv. J. on Legis. 511 Jurisdiction-Stripping: The Pledge Protection Act of 2004 (2005)
34 J.L. & Educ. 25 The Pledge: The Constitutionality of an American Icon (2005)
Directing the Architect of the Capitol to Engrave the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag and National Motto in the Capitol Visitor Center, July 10, 2009 (H. Con. Res. 131).
Directing the Architect of the Capitol to Engrave the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag and the National Motto of “In God We Trust” in the Capitol Visitor Center, HR111 -135(To accompany H. Con. Res. 131)
National Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag Day, June 14, 2004 (S. Res. 378)
Reaffirming the Reference to One Nation Under God in the Pledge of Allegiance, October 17, 2002 (S. 2690)
Extension of Remarks-Reaffirming Reference to One Nation Under God in Pledge of Allegiance, October 7, 2002 (Brought before the House of Representatives by Hon. Fortney Pete Stark-Calif.)
To Reaffirm the Reference to One Nation Under God in the Pledge of Allegiance, June 27, 2002 (S. 2690)
To Reaffirm the Reference to One Nation Under God in the Pledge of Allegiance, HR107-659, September 17, 2002 (To accompany S. 2690)
Proclamation 6278 Loyalty Day, George Bush (April 22, 1991)
Proclamation 6012 National Pledge of Allegiance Day, George Bush (August 15, 1989)
Proclamation 5694 Citizenship Day and Constitution Week, Ronald Reagan (August 13, 1987)
Proclamation 5319 Loyalty Day, Ronald Reagan (April 15, 1985)
To Recognize the Pause for the Pledge of Allegiance as part of National Flag Day activities, June 20, 1985, (H.J. Res. 211)
To Designate the Week Commencing with the third Monday in February of 1981 as ‘National Patriotism Week,’ October 10, 1980, (S.J. Res. 82)
To Amend the Joint Resolution Entitled “Joint Resolution to codify and emphasize existing rules and customs pertaining to the display and use of the flag of the United States of America,” July 7, 1976, (S.J. Res. 49)
Printing of Additional Copies of the “Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag,” October 14, 1970, (H. Con. Res. 732)
To Remove Copyright Restrictions Upon the Musical Composition ‘Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag,’ and for other purposes, September 13, 1960, (H. J. Res. 704)
Acceptance of Copies of Recording and Printing Distribution of the ‘Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag,’ July 21, 1956, (H. Con. Res. 258)
To Amend the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, June 14, 1954, (H.J. Res. 243)
Official Signed Photocopy of Joint Resolution “To Amend the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, June 14, 1954, (H.J. Res. 243),”June 1, 1954