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"There is no suggestion here that the government's power to coerce has been used to further the interests of Christianity or Judaism in any way. No one was compelled to observe or participate in any religious ceremony or activity. Neither the city…

"It is no part of the business of government to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite as a part of a religious program carried on by government; though the Federal Constitution's First Amendment does not allow the…

"Freedom of conscience and of worship is the cornerstone of the foundation of our nation. There is no 'official' church in this country; indeed, it is indisputable that many of our forebears [**10] came to America to escape the established church and…

"The requirement of participation by pupils in public schools in the ceremony of saluting the national flag does not, in the case of a pupil who refuses participation upon sincere religious grounds, infringe, without due process of law, the liberty…

"There is no doubt that, in connection with the pledges, the flag salute is a form of utterance. Symbolism is a primitive but effective way of communicating ideas. The use of an emblem or flag to symbolize some system, idea, institution, or…

"The Declaration of Independence refers to 'the Supreme judge of the world', and 'the protection of Divine Providence'. Lincoln, at Gettysburg, spoke of 'this nation, under God'. Even the preamble to the New York Constitution expresses gratitude 'to…

"The salute of the flag is a gesture of love and respect ­­ fine when there is real love and respect back of the gesture. The flag is dishonored by a salute by a child in reluctant and terrified obedience to a command of secular authority which…

"As for the pledge: I believe it is untrue ('Liberty and justice for all') and I refuse to swear to a lie."

"Three students refused to say and stand for the Pledge of Allegiance because of a belief that the words "with liberty and justice for…

Source: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/466/600/2361432/ "Any alleged religious overtones to those activities are not grounds for refusing to teach them. See Smith v. Denny, 280 F. Supp. 651 (E.D.Cal.1968)." From the case…

"Patriotism is an effort by the state to promote its own survival, and along the way to teach those virtues that justify its survival. Public schools help to transmit those virtues and values. Separation of church from state does not imply separation…

From the case: "Petitioner school district requires each elementary school class to recite daily the Pledge of Allegiance. Respondent Newdow’s daughter participates in this exercise. Newdow, an atheist, filed suit alleging that, because the Pledge…

"It may be useful to note our belief that most citizens of the United States willingly recite the Pledge of Allegiance and proudly sing the national anthem. But the rights embodied in the Constitution, most particularly in the First Amendment,…

"'Even if Holloman has a First Amendment right to hold his fist in the air during the recitation of the Pledge in class, such a right was not "clearly established.'"

"Holloman's complaint alleges: (1) that plaintiff, while a student, was forced by…

Sociologist, suffragette, social worker, philosopher, and Nobel Peace Prize winner Jane Addams, c. 1924

The 1954 amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance sees the full addition of "Under God" into the Pledge of Allegiance.

The addition of "Under God" represents more than just a success by the Hearst Campaign. It is a point in history where a major…