President George Bush Sr. Proclaims National Pledge of Allegiance Day "On September 8, 1892, the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag first appeared in print. Today, nearly a century later, the words penned by Francis Bellamy in observance of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America are among the most widely recited verses of American literature." Full text available via the American Presidency Project at UCSB: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=1731
United States Code Title 4. Flag and Seal, Seat of Government, and the States, Chapter 1. The Flag
Title 4 establishes the manner and conduct concerning the Pledge of Allegiance, as follows: "§4. Pledge of allegiance to the flag; manner of delivery The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag: “I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.”, should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute. (Added Pub. L. 105–225, §2(a), Aug. 12, 1998, 112 Stat. 1494; amended Pub. L. 107–293, §2(a), Nov. 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 2060.)" Source: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title4/html/USCODE-2011-title4-chap1.htm
Salute
The original salute was a long standing tradition in American public schools until World War II.
A version of the original salute before the hand on the heart was put in place.
A picture of the creator of the Pledge of Allegiance.
What So Proudly we Hail: Making American Citizens through Literature Online Website
Authors Amy A. Kass, Leon R. Kass, and Diana Schaub http://www.whatsoproudlywehail.org/contact
The Red Skelton Show is an American variety show that was a television staple for two decades, from 1951 to 1971. This written piece about the Pledge seeks to denote and understand what each word means. A transcript is as follows: When I was a small boy in Vincennes, Indiana, I heard, I think, one of the most outstanding speeches I ever heard in my life. I think it compares with the Sermon on the Mount, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, and Socrates’ Speech to the Students. We had just finished reciting the Pledge of Allegiance, and he [Mr. Lasswell, the Principal of Vincennes High School] called us all together, and he says, “Uh, boys and girls, I have been listening to you recite the Pledge of Allegiance all semester, and it seems that it has become monotonous to you. Or, could it be, you do not understand the meaning of each word? If I may, I would like to recite the pledge, and give you a definition for each word: I -- Me; an individual; a committee of one. Pledge -- Dedicate all of my worldly good to give without self-pity. Allegiance -- My love and my devotion. To the Flag -- Our standard. “Old Glory”; a symbol of courage. And wherever she waves, there is respect, because your loyalty has given her a dignity that shouts “Freedom is everybody's job.” of the United -- That means we have all come together. States -- Individual communities that have united into 48 great states; 48 individual communities with pride and dignity and purpose; all divided by imaginary boundaries, yet united to a common cause, and that’s love of country -- Of America. And to the Republic -- A Republic: a sovereign state in which power is invested into the representatives chosen by the people to govern; and the government is the people; and it's from the people to the leaders, not from the leaders to the people. For which it stands One Nation -- Meaning "so blessed by God." [Under God] Indivisible -- Incapable of being divided. With Liberty -- Which is freedom; the right of power for one to live his own life without fears, threats, or any sort of retaliation. And Justice -- The principle and qualities of dealing fairly with others. For All -- For All. That means, boys and girls, it's as much your country as it is mine. Now let me hear you recite the Pledge of Allegiance: I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic, for which it stands; one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Since I was a small boy, two states have been added to our country, and two words have been added to the Pledge of Allegiance: Under God. Wouldn't it be a pity if someone said, "That is a prayer" -- and that be eliminated from our schools, too? [end transcription]
Illustrated postcard of Cook County Institution at Dunning, IL (later to be called the Dunning Mental Hospital and then the Chicago State Hospital)
Boys learning carpentry during a class at an open air summer school in Chicago, as open air schools were believed to help prevent and combat the spread of tuberculosis among children.
A photograph of Chicago skyline from the Tribune Tower with the Wrigley building in the foreground, showing the heavy smog that blanketed the city in the mornings.
permission granted to use digital copy for non-commercial use
An aerial photograph of the city of Chicago from 1900 or 1901, titled "The Heart of Chicago".
An illustration of Briggs House (a hotel in Chicago) being raised, as the city planned to lift the buildings up by a few feet in order to install new foundations and municipal sewage systems
Grover C. Elmore and Co's Addition to Palos Park
"No lot in this subdivision may be sold or leased to any person who is not a Caucasian and no building erected on any lot in this subdivision may be occupied by any person not a Caucasian. The owners or occupants of any lot or building in this subdivision may be employed persons not Caucasian and such persons may be domiciled on the premises of the owner or occupants." (Source: Plat #14002474, Platbook 357, Page 19. Approved: February 6, 1946. Recorded: March 4, 1946. Expired: January 1, 1980)
Town and Country Homes: Fifth addition to Ivanhoe
"No person of any race other than the Caucasian race shall use, occupy, or own any building or lot, except that this covenant shall not prevent occupancy by domestic servants of a different race domiciled with an owner or tenant." (Source: Plat #13613069, Platbook 355, Page 20. Approved: August 27, 1945. Recorded: October 1, 1945. Expired: January 1, 1980) Back to Restricted Chicago Homepage
Click on the images below:
Demographic Information Note: all demographic information below is from tract-level US Census data. Mobile device users: click and hold each chart/graph to open a bigger image in a new tab. 1950 Data Education Employment Occupancy by Race Ownership Race Types of Housing 1960 Data Education Employment Occupancy by Race Ownership Race 1970 Data Education Employment Occupancy Race Types of Housing 1980 Data Education Employment Occupancy Types of Housing
Wiegel & Kilgallen's Kedzie Avenue Gardens
"It's an express condition of this conveyance that the Grantor herein may at its option (which option shall be exercised by filing notice thereof in the office of the Recorder of Deeds of Cook County Illinois), declare this deed to be and become null and void and the property hereon described to forthwith thereafter revert to this grantor, in the event that said premises herein described shall be conveyed or leased by the grantee or any of the successors in title of the grantee to any person who is not a Caucasian or in the event the premises herein described or any improvements erected thereon shall be occupied by anyone who is not a Caucasian, except when such person be acting in the capacity of a servant for proper resident." (Source: Plat #13640834, Platbook 355, Page 35. Approved: October 25, 1945. Recorded: October 19, 1945. Expired: January 1, 1980) Back to Restricted Chicago Homepage
Demographic Information Note: all demographic information below is from tract-level US Census data. Mobile device users: click and hold each chart/graph to open a bigger image in a new tab. 1950 Data Education Employment Occupancy by Race Ownership Race Types of Housing 1960 Data Education Employment Occupancy by Race Ownership Race 1970 Data Education Employment Occupancy Race Types of Housing 1980 Data Education Employment Occupancy Race Types of Housing
"No portion of this property shall ever be leased, given, rented, sold, or conveyed to any person who is not of the Caucasian race, nor shall the said property, or any portion thereof, nor any improvement thereon, be used or occupied by any person who is not of the Caucasian race; ALWAYS PROVIDED, however, that a breach of this covenant shall not cause the title to the property to revert to any prior title-holder." (Source: Plat #13650115, Platbook 355, Pages 46&47. Approved: October 11 1945. Recorded: October 31, 1945. January 1, 1980)
"No tract of land in this subdivision shall be conveyed to, leased or occupied by any person not members of the Caucasian race, and this covenant shall be for the benefit of the title holders of the tracts contained in this subdivision, and run with the land within said subdivision." (Source: Plat #13506464, Platbook 353, Pages 20&21. Approved: May 14, 1945. Recorded: May 14, 1945. Expired: January 1, 1980) Back to Restricted Chicago Homepage
"The ownership and occupancy of the parts or parcels of land shall be restricted to the Caucasian race and no race or nationality other than for whom premises are intended shall use or occupy any dwelling on the premises except that this covenant shall not prevent occupancy by a domestic servant of a different race or nationality employed by owner or tenant." (Source: Plat #13525264, Platbook 353, Page 37. Approved: June 6, 1945. Recorded: June 6, 1945. Expired: January 1, 1980) Back to Restricted Chicago Homepage
Weigel and Kilgallen's First Addition to Kedzie Ave. Gardens.
"It is an express condition of this conveyance that the grantor herein may at its option (which option shall be exercised by filing notices thereof in the office of the Recorder of Deeds of Cook County, Illinois) declare this deed to be and become null and void and the property herein described shall be conveyed or leased in the grantee or any of the successors in title of the grantee to any person who is not a Caucasian or in the event the residential lots herein described or any improvements erected thereon shall be occupied by anyone who is not a Caucasian, except when such person be acting in the capacity of a servant for a proper resident. This condition shall not be effective or operative as against any mortgage or mortgages or trust deed or trust deeds in the nature of any mortgage made by any grantee or any successor or successors in title of the grantee or of any remote grantee except and until any person or persons pursuant thereto or the rights thereunder shall acquire and become vested with the title of ownership of any residential lot or lots herein conveyed in which event the said condition shall apply and be become effective." (Source: Plat #13526545, Platbook 353, Page 42. Approved: May 2, 1945. Recorded: June 11, 1945. Expired: January 1, 2018)
Town and Country Homes: Fourth Addition to Ivanhoe
"No persons of any race other than the Caucasian race shall use, occupy or own any building or lot, except that this covenant shall not prevent occupancy by domestic servants of a different race domiciled with an owner or a tenant." (Source: Plat #13530647, Platbook 353, Page 50. Approved: June 8, 1945. Recorded: June 15, 1945. Expired: January 1, 1980)
Town and Country Homes: Third Addition to Ivanhoe
"No persons of any race other than the Caucasian race shall use, occupy or own any building or lot, except that this covenant shall not prevent occupancy by domestic servants of a different race domiciled with an owner or a tenant." (Source: Plat #13436009, Platbook 352, Page 16. Approved: August 8, 1944. Recorded: January 24, 1945. Expired: January 1, 1980)
Town and Country Homes: Second Addition to Ivanhoe
No persons of any race other than the Caucasian race shall use, occupy or own any building or lot, except that this covenant shall not prevent occupancy by domestic servants of a different race domiciled with an owner or a tenant. (Source: Plat #13339857, Platbook 351, Page 13. Approved: July 11, 1944. Recorded: August 16, 1944. Expired: January 1, 1980) Back to Restricted Chicago Homepage
Arlingdale being Harry J. Eckhardt's Subdivision
"The ownership and occupancy of the parts or parcels of land shall be restricted to the Caucasian race and no race or nationality other than for whom premises are intended shall use or occupy any dwelling on the premises except that this covenant shall not prevent occupancy by a domestic servant of a different race or nationality employed by owner or tenant." (Source: Plat #13343975, Platbook 351, Page 20. Approved: July 14, 1944. Recorded: August 23, 1944. Expired: January 1, 2018)
"No person of any race other than the Caucasian race shall use or occupy any building or any lot except that this covenant shall not prevent occupancy by domestic servants of a different race domiciled with owner or tenant." (Source: Plat #13388820, Platbook 351, Page 33. Approved: September 9, 1944. Recorded: November 1, 1944. Expired: January 1, 1980)
Clips from the 1952 radio drama of The Wonder Hat
Clips showing Jaime's drawings for different sections of The Wonder Hat.
"This property shall not be sold, given, leased, or conveyed to any person who is not Caucasian, and the occupancy of improvements on this property shall be limited (except domestic help) to a person or persons who are Caucasian." (Source: Plat #13395375, Platbook 351, Page 37. Approved: October 30, 1944. Recorded: November 13, 1944. Expired: January 1, 1980) Back to Restricted Chicago Homepage
Demographic Information Note: all demographic information below is from tract-level US Census data. Mobile device users: click and hold each chart/graph to open a bigger image in a new tab. 1950 Data Education Employment Occupancy by Race Ownership Race Types of Housing 1960 Data Education Employment Occupancy by Race Ownership Race Types of Housing 1970 Data Education Employment Occupancy Race Types of Housing 1980 Data Education Employment Occupancy Race Types of Housing
Wiegel and Kilgallen's 8th addition to Crawford Gardens
"It is an express condition of this conveyance that the grantor herein may at its option (which option shall be exercised by filing notice thereof in the office of the Recorder of Deeds of Cook County, Illinois) declare this deed to be and become null and void and the property herein described shall be conveyed or leased by the grantee or any of the successors in title of the grantee to any person who is not a Caucasian or in the event the residential lots herein described or any improvements erected thereon shall be occupied by anyone who is not a Caucasian, except when such person be acting in the capacity of a servant for proper resident. This condition shall not be effective or operative as against any mortgage or mortgages or trust deed or trust deeds in the nature of a mortgage made by any grantee or any successor or successors in title of the grantee or of any remote grantee except and until any person or persons persuant thereto or the rights thereunder shall acquire and become vested with the title or ownership of any residential lot or lots herein conveyed in which event the said condition shall apply and be and become effective." (Source: Plat #13393596, Platbook 351, Page 41. Approved: November 6, 1944. Recorded: November 9, 1944. Expired: January 1, 1980) Back to Restricted Chicago Homepage